An abstract of a technical report summarizes the report briefly – what the subject matter is, what the main research results and conclusions are. Be concise in the abstract so that you’ll manage to write a one-paragraph summary of the report. Stick to a word count, for example, maximum words, when writing an abstract Example of a well-written lab report. Return to Laboratory report Instruction main page Example of a poorly written lab report (single-spaced to conserve paper; yours should be double-spaced to leave room for comments) Ontogenetic Color Change and Mating Cues in Largus californicus (Hemiptera: Largidae). Carey Booth Box Biology 2 February Lab instructor: Ned Knight Lab day: Friday Report Writing. July 14, Staff Writers. Research paper citation page all the things you have college on as a student, writing a paper can seem like a daunting writing. This image and list-based, step-by-step tutorial is the closest thing to resume examples skills summary a
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Return to Laboratory report Instruction main page Example of a poorly written lab report. Carey Booth Box Biology 2 February Lab instructor: Ned Knight Lab day: Friday, college report writing examples. Ontogenetic color change at sexual maturation can be useful in identifying an appropriate mate for some organisms. Largus californicus individuals undergo two ontogenetic color changes. First instars are bright red, second through fifth instars are shiny blue-black, and adults are black with orange markings.
Adult male mating behavior suggested that the change in color from fifth instars to adults might enable males to discriminate between nymphs and adults. Males mount adults and persist if they have mounted a female and quickly release if they have mounted another male. Males were never observed to mount nymphs. Female color patterns were altered and male's copulatory attempts were timed to determine if color pattern was used by males in mating decisions.
The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior could not be rejected, therefore the significance of the color change from nymph to adult must be sought elsewhere. Ontogenetic color change at the time of sexual maturation has been shown to be advantageous to fish Frickereptiles Werner,and birds Lyon and Montgomerie, In general, dull-colored juveniles avoid predation risk and harassment by breeding males, college report writing examples sexually mature individuals use bright colors to advertise their readiness to mate Booth, a, college report writing examples.
In insects, mating cues are often chemical rather than visual Jacobson,but there are some exceptions, college report writing examples.
In diurnal Lepidoptera, adult color pattern plays an important role in the initial phase of mating behavior Graham et al. In holometabolous insects, such as Lepidoptera, maturation is associated with dramatic morphological changes, therefore distinguishing college report writing examples larvae and adults for mating attempts is not difficult.
The recognition of maturity is more difficult in hemimetabolous insects where late instars may be similar to adults in size and shape. The possibility that ontogenetic color change in some Hemiptera may have evolved as an indication of maturation has not been investigated experimentally. The mating behavior of male Largus californicus suggests that males may be using visual cues, perhaps in addition to pheromonal cues, to distinguish between fifth instars and adults for mating attempts, college report writing examples.
Fifth instars are shiny blue-black and almost adult-sized. Adults both males and females are black with orange borders around the thickened portion of the hemelytra and pronotum Booth, college report writing examples, b.
Although males were never observed to mount nymphs, they do mount other adults, and persist if they have mounted a female college report writing examples release within a few seconds if they have mounted another male. Their distinctive courtship behavior allows an observer to identify immediately the initiation of a mating event.
This consists of the male orienting towards the female when he is approximately 1 cm away, rapidly waving his antennae, college report writing examples onto the female's back, and agitatedly grabbing the female with his legs.
As their genitals do not immediately join, it is possible to separate a pair before they actually mate. These bugs do not fly and are easily handled and painted without significantly disrupting their normal behavior.
Experiments were designed to determine if males use color cues in their mating decision and if their behavior could explain the significance of the ontogenetic color change from fifth instars to adults.
The null hypothesis that dorsal color pattern does not significantly affect male mating behavior was tested. The experiment was performed outdoors at the Main Campus Reserve at the University of California, Santa Barbara on January 31, college report writing examples, Bugs were collected from the Reserve on the morning of the testing day. Tests were performed when the bugs are normally active to hours and control tests were interspersed between experimental tests so that time of day, temperature, cloudiness, and other environmental variables would be approximately the same between experiment and control.
An acrylic black paint and clear finish were used in each treatment. The first treatment was black paint and clear finish on the ventral surface of the female to control for the smell of the paints without altering the black and orange pattern on the dorsum. The second treatment was clear finish on the dorsum to control for covering the dorsal surface, which may reduce any scent emitted or otherwise affect the female's behavior.
The third treatment was black paint on the dorsum to mimic the color of the fifth instars. The three treatments will be referred to as normal, clear, and black for brevity. One female was used for all three treatments to hold other aspects size, shape, scent of the female's attractiveness constant, college report writing examples. The order of presentation of the three treatments was necessarily the same for all males, college report writing examples, as the one female in each experiment could only have black paint added after the normal and clear treatments.
This design allows for a repeated measures analysis of variance as each male is tested with the same female under three different paint conditions.
After each painting, the female was placed in a clear plastic 9 x 7 x 3 cm box, college report writing examples. Males were held separately in labeled plastic petri dishes. Each male was introduced one at a time into the box at the point farthest from the female.
He was removed when he mounted the female or after an arbitrarily chosen time of seconds had elapsed, whichever came first. The time to mount or seconds no-mount was recorded. The pair was separated before their genitalia joined so no actual mating occurred.
After all 15 males were tested, the female was painted for the next treatment and the males were tested in the same order, college report writing examples.
To control for the possibility of males tiring by the second or third trial, a similar number of different males were tested three times each with one untreated female; i. no changes were made to the female between trials. Trials were alternated between experimental and control males throughout the day of testing. A total of two females one experimental and one control and 29 males 15 experimental and 14 control were used.
Statistical analyses were performed using the StatView program on a Macintosh microcomputer. One-way, repeated measures ANOVAs were used to test for differences in males' time to mount among the three treatments and among the three control trials. No significant differences were found in males' time to mount among the three treatments or among the three control trials based on a repeated measures ANOVA Table 1.
Males mounted black painted females as readily as females with the typical black and orange pattern. There was a slight, but not significant, increase in male's mean time to mount for the black treatment as compared to the normal and clear treatments Figure 1.
The first control trial had a slightly larger, but not significantly different, male's mean time to mount as compared to the second and third trials Figure 2. The male's mean times to mount were lower for the three control trials than for the three experimental treatments. Because the maximal time males were allowed to stay in the box without mounting the female was chosen arbitrarily, the one case where a male did not mount the female within the allotted seconds could have biased the results Table 1.
After excluding the mount time for the male that failed to mount, the results did not differ qualitatively from the above: no significant differences were found. By using one female for all three color treatments, any non-color aspects of the female's attractiveness were held constant.
As the null hypothesis that males' time to mount is not significantly affected by color of the female was not rejected, males evidently used those other traits in seeking a mate, college report writing examples.
The male behavior of mounting other adults male or female and not nymphs may indicate that there are pheromonal differences between nymphs and adults but not between adult males and females. Males release other males rapidly once contact has been made, so chemical cues transferred by touch or other close range signals such as sound may be used to distinguish males from females. There are slight shape differences between nymphs and adults nymphs are college report writing examples spherical that could possibly be used by males in college report writing examples decisions.
Other experiments are necessary to determine the nature of the communication between adults and between adults and nymphs. Among hemipterans, several species use pheromones as mating cues.
Males of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula release a pheromone that attracts females, males, late-stage nymphs, and a parasitoid Aldrich et al. Females of Dysdercus cingulatus and Pyrrhocoris apterus college report writing examples produce substances attractive to males Osmani and Naidu, ; Zdarek, As these last college report writing examples species are in the same superfamily Pyrrhocoroidea as L.
californicus, it is possible that L. californicus females also produce a pheromone that is attractive to males. However, college report writing examples, several species in the family Largidae, including L. cinctus a close relative of L. californicushave minimal development of the metathoracic scent gland evaporative area Schaefer,so their use of pheromonal communication may be limited.
The college report writing examples of pheromones does not rule out the possibility that visual cues may also be important. Aldrich, J. Oliver, W. Lusby, college report writing examples, J. Kochansky and J. Pheromone strains of the cosmopolitan pest, Nezara viridula Heteroptera: Pentatomidae. Booth, C. Evolutionary significance of ontogenetic colour change in animals. Biology of Largus californicus Hemiptera: Largidae. Southwestern Naturalist Fricke, H. Juvenile-adult colour patterns and coexistence in the territorial coral reef fish Pomacanthus imperator.
Graham, S. Watt and L. Metabolic resource allocation vs. mating attractiveness: Adaptive pressures on the "alba" polymorphism of Colias butterflies. Lyon, B. and R. Delayed plumage maturation in passerine birds: reliable signaling by subordinate males? Evolution Osmani, Z. and M. Evidence of sex attractant in female Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr. Indian J. Schaefer, college report writing examples, C. Degree of metathoracic scent-gland development in the trichophorous Heteroptera Hemiptera.
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Nov 11, · Newspaper Report Writing Examples. Following is a sample of a magazine report writing format for Class 12 and 10 and a news report writing format isc example: Magazine Report. Your School organized a symposium on the topic – “Effect of Global Warming on Planet Earth”. Prepare a news report writing for your school magazine Nov 18, · Write the body of the report before writing the introduction or conclusion. Use as much visualization as possible, but not “just for the sake of using visuals.” Make sure every visual has a purpose. Review your writing skills to craft a well-written report. For example, use active voice and refrain from using too many acronyms Report writing format differs from one subject or category in the academic, but all through out, one thing is common to them, they present all the facts collected in an organized manner and maintains the formality of writing the content of the report writing from the space, fonts and arrangement that must be followed for each subject or categories
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